How to profoundly change the beliefs of the polytheists during the age of revelation from the denial of the Prophet (pbuh) to the certainty of his Message and the acceptance of his full guardianship is a question worthy of attention. The order of verses about prophecy based on the order of revelation is the reason to lead a transformative process and a special Quranic method in institutionalizing the belief of prophecy in the lives of Arabs. In the first stage, the Holy Quran in the first Makkī (Arabic: المکّیّ, suras revealed in Mecca) chapters has prepared the community from the motivational side to accept the truth of the Prophet’s (pbuh) prophecy and briefly stating the key issues surrounding it. The Holy Book of Quran at the time of the emergence of oppositions and doubts (the second stage) destroyed the arguments of the polytheists and explained the prophecy and proved its authenticity from a cognitive perspective in the second stage by presenting clear arguments. and the Holy Book of Quran in the third stage after Madanī (Arabic: المدنیّ, suras revealed in Medina) period has undertaken measures in order to fulfill the goals of the Massage by explaining the true position of the Prophet (pbuh) to deepen and operationalize the Prophetic belief through explaining practical duties for the Prophet (pbuh) and behavior based on the acceptance of Walaya (Arabic: ولایة, meaning “guardianship” or “governance”).

This study was investigated the effect of Trametes versicolor on chemimechanical pulp (CMP) delignification. CMP were obtained from Mazanderan wood and paper industries. Circle mats were made from CMP (diameter, 7cm; thickness, 1mm) and fortified with 1g/Lit yeast juice. After sterilized, pulp mats were incubated with two disks punched from mycelium. The duration of incubate were 5, 10, 15 & 20 days as well as temperature and moisture 25oC and 40%, respectively. Standard hand sheets were made from biodelignification pulp, and was measured mechanical and optical properties. The portion of biodelignification pulp was alkaline extracted under condition of pulp consistency, 10%; temperature, 70oC; time, 80min and 2% sodium hydroxide, and then bleached under conditions of pulp consistency, 10%; temperature, 50oC; time, 60min and 4% hydrogen peroxide. Finally, mechanical and optical properties of standard hand sheet were measured. Results showed optimum time was 10 days that decreased 5.9% lignin. Mechanical properties of treated samples were lower than control samples, but statically were not significant. Optical properties of treated samples were lower than control samples but alkaline extraction and then bleaching with sodium peroxide was increase it.

This research was carried out to investigate the chemical treatment conditions to produce CMP utilizing wheat straw. Fiber biometry as well as chemical characteristics of wheat straw was evaluated. Then chemical treatment involving two chemicals; sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) buffered with sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) was done. Chemical charge was comprised 6, 8 and 10 percent (based on oven dry weight of straw) with treatment time being 20, 30 and 40 minutes. Treatment temperatures of 95–98°C at atmospheric pressure and L:W=10:1 were selected. Regarding the results, sulfite treatments showed higher yield, screen reject and refining energy consumption as compared with sodium hydroxide treatment, because NaOH is more reactive than Na2SO3. NaOH dissolved more lignin and polysaccharides during treatment, decreased pulp yield and caused better and easier fiber separation leading toless screen reject produced. Considering pulp properties and treatment conditions, 6 treatments including 30 minute treatments, various chemicals and chemical charges were selected to handsheet. Selected pulps were refined up to 350±25 ml.CSF freeness prior to making handsheets. Strength of papers produced from NaOH treatment was significantly higher than that of papers produced from sulfite treatment with chemical charges have showing direct effect on all paper strengths except burst strength.

Enough wood supplying for pulp and paper industry of our country has been encountered with serious difficulties caused by destruction of forest and wood shortage and fiber resources. Thanks to the developments in the widespread plantation of canola in Iran, in this research, we have studied the specific features of CMP pulp prepared from Rapeseed Straw. For this purpose, Rapeseed Straw CMP pulp was prepared at 160°C temperature, 40 minute time, 5 and 10 percent chemicals charge and 7: 1 cooking liquor and canola stem ratio. In order to brighten the resulted pulp, hydrogen peroxide (5.5%) was applied. The yield of pulp obtained in 5% and 10% cooking chemicals conditions, were 78.07% and 74.07% respectively. In this content, the Strength Properties of the hand sheets prepared were measured as followings: tensile strength, 19.33 and 20.033 Nm/g; Burst strength, 0.83 and 0.57 Kpa.m2/g; tear strength, 2.57 and 3.25 mN.m2/g and Opacity 95.02% and 96.32%. This study has shown that, considering limitations in wood resources, the Rapeseed Straw, could be successfully substituted impart, in pulp and paper industry of our country, as a cheap and available lignocelluloses material for producing CMP pulp and papers.

In this study birch, aspen, beech and horn beam were randomly selected Mazandaran wood and pulp Industry. After the invasion of logs to standard chips and the preparation of chemo-mechanical pulp with yield of 85%, the chemical component of wood flour, fiber biometry, and their handsheet properties were statistically analyzed. The results showed that aspen has less fiber length than horn beam and beech, fiber diameter and cell pit is more and cell wall thickness is less. The chemical component of aspen wood flour consists of the least Klason lignin and the most holocellulose. The handsheet properties of CMP pulp of birch and aspen showed that the bursting strength and breaking length which is more than beech and horn beam.

This study was carried out to investigate papermaking properties comparison of fast growth poplar species (Poulus euramericana) at two growing periods of 8 and 18 years for newsprint production in MWPI. This special poplar, has been selected from Safrabasteh research station in Gilan province. Selected poplar was chipping in MWPI. Based on the results of experimental tests, cooking conditions of 20% chemicals ( based on oven dry wood), cooking temperature of 160oC, L:W = 7 : 1 and cooking time of 90 min for 8 years poplar and 130 min for 18 years was selected in order to obtain pulping yield of about 85%. After chemical treatment of wood chips with Na2SO3 solution the treated chips were defibrated in three stages and bleached by H2O2, refined in PFI mill to freeness of about 300 ml.CSF. Laboratory standard hand sheet with gramage of 60g/m2 were made from the refined pulps. The results show that, in respect to physical and strength properties, the paper from poplar wood were superior to the paper produced from CMP pulp of the normal wood furnish(75% hornbeam + 25% beech ), except in optical property of opacity which has shown some reduction. Therefore, by making necessary changes in cooking conditions, to improve the paper opacity, it may be possible to use poplar ( populus euramericana ) as pure for newsprint production in MWPI. In applying this respect, 8 years growth poplar has more priority.

The objective of this study was to investigate the production of bisulfite pulp from Carpinus betulus species to enhance the strength properties of the chemical mechanical pulp (CMP). CMP pulp prepared according to the industrial standards (Mazandaran wood and paper industry) and bisulfite pulp was prepared by direct injection of sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas into a sodium hydroxide solution. The results of cooking bisulfite pulp showed that by increasing of cooking time from 1 to 3 hours the kappa number decreased. The results of mixing bisulfite pulp (10, 30 and 40%) with CMP pulp showed that the mechanical properties of the paper improved with increasing the contribution of bisulfite pulp. By adding 40% bisulfite to CMP, the tensile index, burst index, tear index and folding strength improved by 24%, 16. 2%, 13. 7% and 84. 2%, respectively. Finally, combining 40% bisulfite pulp and 60% CMP pulp showed the highest strength in terms of total paper properties. Therefore, the use of bisulfite pulp up to 40% mixed with CMP paper pulp leads to the desired production of newspaper and is recommended.

In this research, the effect of sodium peroxide and sodium hypochlorite on the chemicalmechanical pulp (CMP) bleaching has been investigated. For this purpose, unbleached CMP pulp was obtained from Mazandaran wood and paper mill, and bleaching with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite was carried out in two levels of 3 and 4%, for two times of 60 and 90 minutes at 70° C and 8% consistency. In each treatment, 30 grams of pulp was mixed with hydrogen peroxide, sodium silicate, DTPA, sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite and bleaching was performed. Then, 60 gr/m 2 hand sheets were prepared and the optical properties of hand sheets were measured and analyzed based on TAPPI test methods. The results of optical properties of handsheets showed that by increasing the bleaching time and the level of chemicals, the optical properties were improved. The highest brightness and minimum yellowness were observed applying 4% hydrogen peroxide and 90 minutes in bleaching. The lowest opacity was observed in the control sample. Strength properties such as tensile, burst and tear strength of bleached paper were also increased.

The efficiency of Oxidation Processes, Enzymatic treatment, and combined enzymatic/chemical sequences on color remediation of CMP pulp mill effluent was investigated. Two kinds of fungal enzymes; Laccase (EC: 1.10.3.2) from Terametes versicolor and Versatile Peroxidase (EC: 1.11.1.7) from Bjerkandera adusta were chosen and applied. Also, the effect of external mediator on the enzyme based degradations was studied. It was found that both VP from Bjerkandera adusta and Laccase from Terametes versicolor decolorized the deep brown effluent to a clear light yellow solution. It has been found that, concomitant use of enzymes and photo-Fenton process produces a considerable effect on color remediation. The data analysis of sequence treatment indicated that, chemical treatment after the enzymatic stage (photo-Fenton as a post treatment unit) yield a better performance for the CMP effluent.